Scientific evidence of vaccinations: the role of the immune system in post-vaccination protection
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Abstract
The purpose of this editorial is to increase the knowledge on the immunological and epidemiological scientific documentation
on vaccines and to report the risks of certain vaccines compared to natural infectious diseases.
The current vaccines are able to stimulate both natural and adaptive immunity, to induce a long immunological memory with variable duration depending on the type of vaccine or the adjuvants used.
Vaccines are able to induce both cellmediated and antibody immunity.
Some vaccines also evoke local secretory immunity that not only can protect against the disease but also stop the infection before it becomes systemic.
It has also been shown that mass vaccination campaigns (eg against meningococcus and pneumococcus) have managed to significantly decrease the number of healthy carriers of these bacteria and therefore reduce the risk of infection even in the unvaccinated population.
Over the decades vaccines have been increasingly refined and made safer with fewer side effects while being able to induce greater immune protection.
The most modern vaccines are those based on RNA and DNA. In addition, less toxic and more effective adjuvants have been adopted.
The article also reports on potential risks of some vaccinations, putting emphasis on the fact that they are hundreds of times safer than the evets cause by the correspondig pathogen.
In addition, the beneficial effects of pneumococcal vaccination in the elderly and in children are also reported.
Unfortunately, the state of vaccination against pneumococcus in Italy is far from what should be optimal values and it remains significantly lower than the average of European countries.
The editorial also reports on works of international literature as well as recommendations of scientific societies and foreign authorities that invite to repeat the pneumococcal and antimeningococcal vaccination over time, in particular in elderly subjects
and people with primary and secondary immunodeficiences.
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